Civil litigation is the structured process for resolving private disputes through the courts or alternative forums. This guide outlines the key phases, options for resolution, and strategic considerations from filing to appeal.

Civil litigation addresses disagreements between private parties—individuals, businesses, or organizations—through legally recognized procedures. Most civil lawsuits move through predictable phases: pre-suit evaluation, pleadings, discovery, motion practice, trial, and post-judgment. At each step, parties weigh costs, timelines, and risk to select the most effective form of dispute resolution, which can include court processes or alternatives that keep matters out of the courtroom.

Before a case reaches the courthouse, parties often attempt early resolution. Demand letters frame issues and evidence, while alternative dispute resolution tools such as mediation and arbitration offer structured forums for dialogue or binding decisions. Even after a complaint is filed, courts frequently encourage settlement negotiations to narrow issues, reduce expense, and preserve business or personal relationships where possible.

If early resolution fails, the case advances through pleadings and discovery, where documents are exchanged and witnesses are deposed. Strategic planning intensifies during trial preparation, including the retention of experts, exhibit lists, and the drafting of pretrial briefs. Lawyers file evidentiary motions—such as motions in limine—to shape what the judge or jury may hear, a step that can significantly influence leverage and outcomes.

When judgment is entered, the process may continue with enforcement or further review. Parties considering civil appeals evaluate legal errors, standards of review, and the costs and benefits of continuing the fight. Post-judgment interest, collection tools, and the possibility of renewed settlement can all affect strategy. Throughout, clear communication with counsel and realistic goals help align legal tactics with business or personal objectives.